KLRI Home
> Publications
> Longevity E-Kronicle
> Volume 1 - 2009
Topics
Aging
Cardiovascular
Exercise and Physiology
Diabetes
Nutrition
Hormones
Cognitive
Caloric Restriction
Other
Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases
Abbreviated Abstract: Recent scientific studies have advanced the notion of chronic inflammation as a major risk factor underlying aging and age-related diseases. In this review, low-grade, unresolved, molecular inflammation is described as an underlying mechanism of aging and age-related diseases, which may serve as a bridge between normal aging and age-related pathological processes. Accumulated data strongly suggest that continuous (chronic) upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators are induced during the aging process due to an age-related redox imbalance that activates many pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular roles of age-related physiological functional declines and the accompanying chronic diseases associated with aging. This new view on the role of molecular inflammation as a mechanism of aging and age-related pathogenesis can provide insights into potential interventions that may affect the aging process and reduce age-related diseases, thereby promoting healthy longevity.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Chung HY, Cesari M, Anton S, Marzetti E, Giovannini S, Seo AY, Carter C, Yu BP, Leeuwenburgh C. Ageing Res Rev. 2009 Jan;8(1):18-30.
Telomere Shortening May Be Caused by Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress, telomere length and biomarkers of physical aging in a cohort aged 79 years from the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey
Abbreviated Abstract: Telomere shortening is a biomarker of cellular senescence and is associated with a wide range of age-related disease. Oxidative stress is also associated with physiological aging and several age-related diseases. Non-human studies suggest that variants in oxidative stress genes may contribute to both telomere shortening and biological aging. We sought to test whether oxidative stress-related gene polymorphisms contribute to variance in both telomere length and physical biomarkers of aging in humans. The data indicate that oxidative stress genes may be involved in pathways that lead to both telomere shortening and physiological aging in humans. Oxidative stress may explain, at least in part, associations between telomere shortening and physiological aging.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Starr JM, Shiels PG, Harris SE, Pattie A, Pearce MS, Relton CL, Deary IJ. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008 Dec;129(12):745-51.
Heart rate, lifespan, and mortality risk
Full Abstract: An increasing body of scientific research and observational evidence indicates that resting heart rate (HR) is inversely related to the lifespan among homeothermic mammals and within individual species. In numerous human studies with patients stratified by resting HR, increased HR is universally associated with greater risk of death. The correlation between HR and maximum lifespan seems to be due to both basal metabolic rate and cardiovascular-related mortality risk. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are already postulated to determine how the biological clock works, through regulating and modulating the processes such as protein oxidation, free radical production, inflammation and telomere shortening. Given the remarkable correlation between HR and lifespan, resting HR should be seriously considered as another possible cap on maximum lifespan. Future research is needed to determine whether deliberate cardiac slowing, through methods like lifestyle modification, pharmacological intervention, or medical devices, can decelerate biological clock of aging, reduce cardiovascular mortality and increase maximum lifespan in humans in general.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Zhang GQ, Zhang W. Ageing Res Rev. 2009 Jan;8(1):52-60.
The Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers was Similar to Survival Rate
Comparative effectiveness of beta-blockers in elderly patients with heart failure
Abbreviated Abstract: Our study population included North Carolina residents at least 65 years old who were eligible for Medicare and Medicaid with pharmacy benefits and had had at least 1 hospitalization for heart failure (HF) during the period 2001 through 2004. Primary outcome was survival from 30 days to 1 year. Secondary outcomes included number and days of rehospitalizations for HF and number of outpatient visits. Cohorts were defined by beta-blockers class (evidence-based beta-blockers or EBBBs, non-EBBBs, or no beta-blockers) in first 30 days after discharge from index hospitalization for HF. Outcomes were analyzed using inverse probability-weighted (IPW) estimators with propensity score adjustment. CONCLUSION: In this elderly population, the comparative effectiveness of EBBBs vs non-EBBBs was similar for 1-year survival, whereas the rehospitalization rate was higher for patients receiving EBBBs.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Archives of Internal Medicine to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Kramer JM, Curtis LH, Dupree CS, Pelter D, Hernandez A, Massing M, Anstrom KJ. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Dec 8;168(22):2422-8; discussion 2428-32.
Elevated BMI Linked to Heart Failure
Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men
Abbreviated Abstract: Elevated body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) in the obese range (> or =30 kg/m(2)) is associated with an excess risk of heart failure (HF). However, the impact of overweight or preobese (BMI, 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2)) status and physical activity on HF risk is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective cohort of 21,094 men (mean age, 53 years) without known coronary heart disease at baseline in the Physicians' Health Study, we examined the individual and combined effects of BMI and vigorous physical activity (exercise to the point of breaking a sweat) on HF incidence from 1982 to 2007. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of men, elevated BMI, even in the preobese range, was associated with an increased risk of HF, and vigorous physical activity was associated with a decreased risk. Public health measures to curtail excess weight, to maintain optimal weight, and to promote physical activity may limit the scourge of HF.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Circulation to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Kenchaiah S, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM. Circulation. 2009 Jan 6;119(1):44-52.
Effects of continuous versus intermittent exercise, obesity, and gender on growth hormone secretion
Abbreviated Abstract: CONTEXT: Obesity attenuates spontaneous GH secretion and the GH response to exercise. Obese individuals often have low fitness levels, limiting their ability to complete a typical 30-min bout of continuous exercise. An alternative regimen in obese subjects may be shorter bouts of exercise interspersed throughout the day. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine whether intermittent and continuous exercise interventions evoke similar patterns of 24-h GH secretion and whether responses are attenuated in obese subjects or affected by gender. RESULTS: Compared with unstimulated 24-h GH secretion, both intermittent and continuous exercise, at constant exercise intensity, resulted in severalfold elevation of 24-h integrated serum GH concentrations in young adults. Basal and pulsatile modes of GH secretion were attenuated both at rest and during exercise in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that continuous and intermittent exercise training should be comparably effective in increasing 24-h GH secretion.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Weltman A, Weltman JY, Watson Winfield DD, Frick K, Patrie J, Kok P, Keenan DM, Gaesser GA, Veldhuis JD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4711-20.
Anxiety Reduced by Physical Activities in Older Adults
Physical activity, mood and the functioning of daily living: A longitudinal study among former elite athletes and referents in middle and old age
Abbreviated Abstract: We studied whether factors related to type of sport participated in as young adults and level of and changes in physical activity later in life predict changes in mood as well as functioning during a 6-year follow-up. A cohort of male Finnish former athletes (N=504), referents (N=349) was followed up for changes in physical activity, in relation to subsequent self-reported mood and functioning of daily living in 1985, 1995, and 2001. The mean age of the cohort was 68.6 years in 2001. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess changes in mood and functioning between 1995 and 2001 in relation to baseline values and changes in exposure variables and covariates. A low level of physical activity in 1985 predicted a decrease in physical functioning between 1995 and 2001 in the lowest physical activity compared to the highest quintile as well as poor physical functioning at the end of follow-up in 2001. An increase in physical activity between 1985 and 1995 protected against onset of anxiety between 1995 and 2001. Physical activity for elderly seems to have an important role in reducing the progress of deficiencies in physical functioning and in preventing onset of anxiety.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Bäckmand HM, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Sarna S. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):1-9.
Growth Hormones-Differences in Stress Resilience
Long-living growth hormone receptor knockout mice: potential mechanisms of altered stress resistance
Abbreviated Abstract: Endocrine mutant mice have proven invaluable toward the quest to uncover mechanisms underlying longevity. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) have been shown to be key players in physiological systems that contribute to aging processes including glucose metabolism, body composition and cellular protection. Examination of these mutant mice across several laboratories has revealed that differences exist in both the direction and magnitude of change, differences that may result in variation in life span. Growth hormone receptor knockout mice lack a functional GH receptor, therefore GH signaling is absent. In this study, glutathione (GSH) and methionine (MET) metabolism was examined to determine the extent of variation in this mutant in comparison to the Ames dwarf, a mouse that exhibits delayed aging and life span extension of nearly 70%. Components of GSH and MET were altered in GHR KO compared to wild type controls. The results of these experiments suggest that these pathways may be partially responsible for differences observed in stress resistance and the capacity to respond to stressors, that in the long term, affect health and life span.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Sharma S, Bartke A.Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):10-9.
Is Taller Healthier?
Should we be concerned over increasing body height and weight?
Full Abstract: Based on 36 years of research, this paper explores the impact of human height on chronic disease, life expectancy, and longevity. The findings presented challenge the common belief that promoting rapid growth and maximum height attainment is a desirable goal. Also presented, are the biological mechanisms related to height and longevity. This paper concludes with a review of paradoxes that face the traditional belief that taller is healthier.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Samaras TT. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):83-92.
Changes That Contribute to Age-Related Muscle Dysfunction
Age-related muscle dysfunction
Full Abstract: Aging is associated with a progressive decline of muscle mass, strength, and quality, a condition described as sarcopenia of aging. Despite the significance of skeletal muscle atrophy, the mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of muscle performance are only partially understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight cellular, molecular, and biochemical changes that contribute to age-related muscle dysfunction.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Thompson LV. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):106-11.
Effects of vitamin C supplementation on antioxidants and lipid peroxidation markers in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes
Full Abstract: The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of two dosages of vitamin C (Vit-C) (0.5 and 1g/day, vs. placebo) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on the intracellular levels of Vit-C and glutathione, and on the lipid peroxidation markers and vitamin E (Vit-E) content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and on LDL susceptibility to gamma radiolysis-induced peroxidation. Thirty-six patients were randomized into three groups. In patients on 0.5 g Vit-C/day versus the placebo group, a significant increase in cellular reduced glutathione level was observed (0.60+/-0.26 vs. 0.33+/-0.27). In patients on 1 g Vit-C/day versus placebo, a significant increase was also observed in cellular reduced glutathione (0.93+/-0.70 vs. 0.33+/-0.27), in Vit-C (5.66+/-2.00 vs. 2.72+/-1.88) and in vitamin E content of LDL (1.98+/-0.38 vs. 1.48+/-0.40). No change was observed in either group in basal levels of lipid peroxidation markers and in the susceptibility of LDL to peroxidation provoked by gamma-radiolysis. In conclusion, Vit-C has a dose-dependent effect on the cellular contents of antioxidants and on vitamin E content of LDL in elderly patients with type 2 DM. These changes are not sufficient to decrease the LDL susceptibility to peroxidation.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Tessier DM, Khalil A, Trottier L, Fülöp T. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):67-72.
Long-term Low Dose Aspirin Does Not Prevent Development of Clinical Type 2 Diabetes
A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the prevention of clinical type 2 diabetes in women
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Subclinical inflammation is linked with the development of type 2 diabetes, and epidemiologic data suggest that this association may be stronger in women. Although small clinical studies have shown a prominent hypoglycemic effect of short-term high-dose aspirin, no randomized trials have directly evaluated the efficacy of aspirin in diabetes prevention at doses acceptable for use in routine clinical practice. We evaluated whether chronic low-dose aspirin prevents the development of clinical diabetes among initially healthy American women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects were enrolled in the Women's Health Study, a 10-year randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin and vitamin E for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. RESULTS: Among women randomly assigned to receive aspirin (n = 19,326) or placebo (n = 19,390), there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. There were 849 cases of diabetes in the aspirin group and 847 in the placebo group (rate ratio 1.01 [95% CI 0.91-1.11]). Stratification by diabetes risk factors including age, BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, A1C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not support a modulating effect of these variables. Analyses accounting for treatment duration and adherence similarly found no beneficial effects. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that long-term low-dose aspirin does not prevent the development of clinical type 2 diabetes in initially healthy women.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Diabetes Care to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Pradhan AD, Cook NR, Manson JE, Ridker PM, Buring JE. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):3-8.
Raisins and walking alter appetite hormones and plasma lipids by modifications in lipoprotein metabolism and up-regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor
Abbreviated Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of consuming raisins, increasing steps walked, or a combination of these interventions on lipoprotein metabolism and appetite hormones by assessing plasma apolipoprotein concentrations, cholesterol ester transfer protein activity, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance, and plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations. Thirty-four subjects (17 men and 17 postmenopausal women) were matched for weight and sex and randomly assigned to consume 1 cup raisins per day (RAISIN), increase the amount of steps walked per day (WALK), or a combination of both interventions (RAISIN + WALK). The subjects completed a 2-week run-in period, followed by a 6-week intervention. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from mononuclear cells, and LDL receptor mRNA abundance was quantified by use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant group effect for plasma leptin (P = .026). Plasma concentrations increased for RAISIN and RAISIN + WALK. Similarly, plasma ghrelin concentrations were elevated postintervention for both groups consuming raisins (P < .05). These data suggest that walking and raisin consumption decrease plasma LDL cholesterol by up-regulating the LDL receptor and that raisin consumption may reduce hunger and affect dietary intake by altering hormones influencing satiety.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Puglisi MJ, Mutungi G, Brun PJ, McGrane MM, Labonte C, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. Metabolism. 2009 Jan;58(1):120-8.
Green Tea Polyphenols Affects the Total HDL Cholesterol
Daily consumption of an aqueous green tea extract supplement does not impair liver function or alter cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers in healthy men
Abbreviated Abstract: Regular consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) is thought to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but has also been associated with liver toxicity. The present trial aimed to assess the safety and potential CVD health beneficial effects of daily GTP consumption. We conducted a placebo-controlled parallel study to evaluate the chronic effects of GTP on liver function and CVD risk biomarkers in healthy men. Volunteers consumed for 3 wk 6 capsules per day (2 before each principal meal) containing green tea extracts (equivalent to 714 mg/d GTP) or placebo. Biomarkers of liver function and CVD risk (including blood pressure, plasma lipids, and asymmetric dimethylarginine) were unaffected by GTP consumption. After treatment, the ratio of total: HDL cholesterol was significantly reduced in participants taking GTP capsules compared with baseline. Endothelial-dependent and -independent vascular reactivity did not significantly differ between treatments. In conclusion, the present data suggests that the daily consumption of high doses of GTP by healthy men for 3 wk is safe but without effects on CVD risk biomarkers other than the total: HDL cholesterol ratio.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of The Journal of Nutrition to view full abstract. Click here to sign in.
Frank J, George TW, Lodge JK, Rodriguez-Mateos AM, Spencer JP, Minihane AM, Rimbach G. J Nutr. 2009 Jan;139(1):58-62.
Mediterranean Diet and Nuts - A Useful Tool for Metabolic Syndrome
Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: one-year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial
Abbreviated Abstract: A total of 1224 participants were recruited from the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) Study, a multicenter, 3-arm, randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of the MedDiet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Participants were older subjects at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Interventions were quarterly education about the MedDiet plus provision of either 1 L/wk of virgin olive oil (MedDiet + VOO) or 30 g/d of mixed nuts (MedDiet + nuts), and advice on a low-fat diet (control diet). All diets were ad libitum, and there was no increase in physical activity for any of the interventions. Lifestyle variables and MetS features as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were assessed. RESULTS: At baseline, 61.4% of participants met criteria for the MetS. One-year prevalence was reduced by 6.7%, 13.7%, and 2.0% in the MedDiet + VOO, MedDiet + nuts, and control diet groups, respectively (MedDiet + nuts vs control groups, P = .01; MedDiet + VOO vs control group, P = .18). Incident rates of the MetS were not significantly different among groups (22.9%, 17.9%, and 23.4%, respectively). After adjustment for sex, age, baseline obesity status, and weight changes, the odds ratios for reversion of MetS were 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.1) for the MedDiet + VOO group and 1.7 (1.1-2.6) for the MedDiet + nuts group compared with the control diet group. CONCLUSION: A traditional MedDiet enriched with nuts could be a useful tool in the management of the MetS.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Archives of Internal Medicine to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Salas-Salvadó J, Fernández-Ballart J, Ros E, Martínez-González MA, Fitó M, Estruch R, Corella D, Fiol M, Gómez-Gracia E, Arós F, Flores G, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventós R, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Bulló M, Basora J, Covas MI; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Dec 8;168(22):2449-58.
Omega-3 May Affect Weight and Appetite in Alzheimer's Patients
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Effects on Weight and Appetite in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: The Omega-3 Alzheimer's Disease Study
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the effects of omega (Omega)-3 fatty acid (FA) supplements on weight and appetite in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) in relation to inflammatory biomarkers and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOEepsilon4). DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred four patients (aged 73+/-9, 52% women) with mild to moderate AD. INTERVENTION: Patients with AD received 1.7 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 0.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (Omega-3/Omega-3 group; n=89, aged 73+/-9, 57% women) or placebo 0.6 g of linoleic acid per day (placebo/Omega-3 group; n=85, aged 73+/-9, 46% women) for 6 months. After 6 months, all patients received DHA and EPA for another 6 months. CONCLUSION: A DHA-enriched Omega-3 FA supplement may positively affect weight and appetite in patients with mild to moderate AD. Not carrying the APOEepsilon4 allele and high DHA were independently associated with weight gain.
Click here for full abstract
Full text available at Wiley InterScience. Click here for full text.
Faxén Irving G, Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Basun H, Brismar K, Hjorth E, Palmblad J, Vessby B, Vedin I, Wahlund LO, Cederholm T. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Nov 20.
Effects of the route of estrogen administration on insulinlike growth factor-I, IGF binding protein-3, and insulin resistance in healthy postmenopausal women: results from a randomized, controlled study
Full Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Oral estrogen therapy suppresses insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, whereas conventional dose transdermal estradiol (E2) does not. However, it has been proposed that if sufficiently high serum E2 levels are achieved, nonoral E2 will also suppress serum IGF-I. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of intranasal E2 with norethisterone (E2/NET) versus oral E2/NET acetate on IGF-I, IGF binding protein 3, and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: This was a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy trial. Postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either daily intranasal E2/NET (175 microg/275 microg) as a spray and a placebo tablet (n = 41) or oral E2/NET acetate (1 mg/0.5 mg) plus placebo intranasal spray (n = 41) for 1 year. Fasting plasma concentrations of IGF-I, IGF binding protein 3, glucose and insulin, glucose and insulin at 120 minutes post-glucose challenge, and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance were assessed at baseline and after 52 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: The two groups were well matched for all clinical and biochemical parameters at baseline. There were no significant between-group differences for fasting and 120-minute glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and IGF binding protein 3. The mean IGF-I level at week 52 was significantly lower for women treated with oral versus intranasal therapy (116 +/- 21 [SD] versus 134 +/- 33 [SD], P = 0.005) and the mean difference in change over 52 weeks in IGF-I was significantly different between groups (-19, 95% CI:-37 to -1, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy postmenopausal women, intranasal E2 at a dose that results in serum levels that exceed the proposed threshold for growth hormone and IGF-I effects, does not alter IGF-I levels. This suggests that the effect of exogenous estrogen on IGF-I is a function of the method of administration rather than being dose related.
Must be a member of Menopause to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Davis SR, Stuckey BG, Norman RJ, Papalia MA, Drillich A, Bell RJ. Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1065-9.Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1065-9.
Women's Well-Being Is Not Always Affected By Menopausal Transition and Postmenopause
Well-being during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a longitudinal analysis
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between well-being and the menopausal transition (MT) to determine (1) whether women's well-being varies over the course of the MT and early postmenopause (PM) and (2) whether any observed variation is predicted by MT variables, other midlife transitions, or personal resources. DESIGN: Women from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (N = 334) provided data for these analyses from at least one annual health questionnaire and a menstrual calendar. A subset of women provided a first morning voided urine specimen from 1997 through 2005. Urine samples were assayed for estrone glucuronide and follicle-stimulating hormone. Mixed-effects modeling using the R library was used to investigate whether MT-related factors, including MT stage, presence of hot flashes, hot flash severity and levels of estrone glucuronide and follicle-stimulating hormone, number of negative life events, or personal resources of mastery and satisfaction with social support are significant predictors of well-being. CONCLUSION: The variability in women's well-being in this study was more affected by life events other than the MT and early PM and by the personal resources available to meet transition demands. These findings suggest that for most women, the MT is not a predictor of level of well-being when considered in a broader life context.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Menopause to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Smith-DiJulio K, Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1095-102.
Higher Levels of Endogenous Sex Hormones Preserve Brain Function in Older Men
Sex hormones and cognitive decline in elderly men
Full Abstract: Decline of cognitive function with age may be due, in part, to hormonal changes and it has been hypothesized that higher levels of endogenous sex hormones preserve brain function. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the relative contribution of endogenous sex hormones to cognitive decline in a population-based sample of 242 elderly men aged 73-91 at baseline. Endogenous sex hormone levels were measured at baseline and participants underwent a cognitive assessment at baseline and at follow-up after 4 years. Higher estradiol (total and bioavailable) and estrone levels were associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in elderly men independent of age, cardiovascular risk factors, atherosclerosis, and APOE genotype. These findings do not support the hypotheses that higher levels of endogenous sex hormones preserve brain function.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Muller M, van den Beld AW, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Lamberts SW. Psychoneuroendocrinology.2009 Jan;34(1):27-31.
Primary and Secondary Hand Smoke May Cause Early Onset of Menopause
Earlier age at menopause, work, and tobacco smoke exposure
Full Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Earlier age at menopause onset has been associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risks. The risk of earlier age at menopause associated with primary and secondary tobacco smoke exposure was assessed. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample of US women. A total of 7,596 women (representing an estimated 79 million US women) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III were asked time since last menstrual period, occupation, and tobacco use (including home and workplace second-hand smoke [SHS] exposure). Blood cotinine and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were assessed. Logistic regressions for the odds of earlier age at menopause, stratified on race/ethnicity in women 25 to 50 years of age and adjusted for survey design, were controlled for age, body mass index, education, tobacco smoke exposure, and occupation. RESULTS: Among 5,029 US women older than 25 years with complete data, earlier age at menopause was found among all smokers and among service and manufacturing industry sector workers. Among women age 25 to 50 years, there was an increased risk of earlier age at menopause with both primary smoking and SHS exposure, particularly among black women. CONCLUSIONS: Primary tobacco use and SHS exposure were associated with increased odds of earlier age at menopause in a representative sample of US women. Earlier age at menopause was found for some women worker groups with greater potential occupational SHS exposure. Thus, control of SHS exposure in the workplace may decrease the risk of mortality and morbidity associated with earlier age at menopause in US women workers.
Must be a member of Menopause to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Fleming LE, Levis S, LeBlanc WG, Dietz NA, Arheart KL, Wilkinson JD, Clark J, Serdar B, Davila EP, Lee DJ. Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1103-8.
The Effects of Various Aspects of Smoking and Menopause
The relationship between smoking and age at the menopause: A systematic review
Abbreviated Abstract: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Increasing life expectancy has made it ever more important to study the factors that influence the age at the menopause, given that when it is reached outside of the normal range, it is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Among the factors studied in relation to early menopause, smoking is prominent. Destruction of the ovarian follicles is one of the mechanisms postulated for this effect. The aim of this study was to review and describe the associations between age at the menopause and the habit of smoking, its duration and its intensity. RESULTS: A great majority of the studies reported an association between the habit of smoking and early menopause, but there was no clear evidence that the duration of smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked had any association with age at the natural menopause. CONCLUSION: Additional studies are needed, preferably of prospective nature and with a large number of women, in order to deepen the knowledge of the effects of various aspects of smoking on age at the menopause. Experimental studies on animals may also contribute towards clarifying the physiopathological mechanisms through which smoking influences age at the menopause.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Parente RC, Faerstein E, Celeste RK, Werneck GL. Maturitas. 2008 Dec 20;61(4):287-98.
Endogenous Estradiol Level Effects on Bone Mineral Density May Be More Effective in Older Women
Effect of endogenous estradiol levels on bone resorption and bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a prospective study
Full Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of endogenous estrogens on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone markers in postmenopausal women over 24 months. METHODS: Fifty out of 99 postmenopausal women seen previously were re-assessed after 24 months. Levels of BMD, bone markers, serum estradiol (E(2)) and total testosterone were determined. RESULTS: BMD decreased in the femoral neck ( approximately 2%) (p < 0.008), but remained stable in the other skeletal areas; E(2) and serum Crosslaps (sCTX) decreased by 34% (p < 0.001) and 21% (p < 0.003), respectively. Women aged < or = 65 years exhibited decreased BMD only in the femoral neck (2%, p < 0.01), without changes in bone markers. Women aged > 65 years exhibited a decrease in sCTX levels and stable BMD values at all skeletal sites. E(2) levels decreased similarly in both groups ( approximately 35%). Women with baseline E(2) levels > or = 10 pg/ml showed stable BMD in spite of their E(2) levels decreasing by 42% (p < 0.001); sCTX decreased by 21% (p < 0.01). Women with baseline E(2) levels < 10 pg/ml showed a 2% decrease (p < 0.001) in femoral neck BMD and a 19% decrease (p < 0.002) in E(2) levels, without changes in bone markers. CONCLUSION: Although endogenous E(2) decreased to around 7 pg/ml in these menopausal women, this level would seem to be sufficient to maintain BMD in almost all skeletal areas, and to be more effective in older women.
Must be a member of Informaworld to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Mastaglia SR, Bagur A, Royer M, Yankelevich D, Sayegh F, Oliveri B. Climacteric. 2009 Feb;12(1):49-58.
Life-space and cognitive decline in a community-based sample of African American and Caucasian older adults
Full Abstract: BACKGROUND: Life-space, a measure of movement through one's environment, may be viewed as one aspect of environmental complexity for older adults. We examined the relationship between life-space and subsequent change in cognitive function. METHODS: Participants were 624 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries (49% African American) who completed in-home assessments at baseline and follow-up 4 years later. The Life-Space Assessment was used at baseline to measure extent, frequency, and independence of participants' movement within and outside the home. Cognitive decline was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: In a regression model adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, gender, race, residence (rural/urban), and education, greater life-space at baseline predicted reduced cognitive decline (beta = -.177, p <.001). This association remained statistically significant in subsequent models that examined what proportion of the observed association was explained by baseline physical activity, physical function, vascular risk factors, comorbidity, and psychosocial factors. Physical function accounted for the largest proportion (37.3%) of the association between life-space and cognitive decline. There was no significant interaction between life-space and race, gender, or age in predicting cognitive decline. In a logistic regression analysis, participants in the highest quartile of life-space had 53% reduced odds of substantial cognitive decline (> or =4 points on MMSE) compared to those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest that life-space may be a useful identifier of older adults at risk for cognitive decline. Future research should investigate the potential reciprocal relationship between life-space and cognitive function as well as the interrelationship between these factors and physical function.
Full article available at Journals of Gerontology. Click here for full text.
Crowe M, Andel R, Wadley VG, Okonkwo OC, Sawyer P, Allman RM. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1241-5.
Omega-3 May Delay Cognitive Decline
Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain lipid fatty acid composition, learning ability, and memory of senescence-accelerated mouse
Full Abstract: Animal studies have shown that a deficiency in brain of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with memory loss and diminished cognitive function. The senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse develops impairments in learning and memory at 8-12 months of age. The effect of diet supplemented with n-3 PUFA on brain phospholipid DHA status, learning, and memory ability in aged SAMP8 mice was investigated. At the age of 10 months, SAMP8 mice were fed either a low-DHA or a high-DHA diet for 8 weeks. In comparison to SAMP8 mice fed the low-DHA diet, those fed a high-DHA diet had improved acquisition and retention in a T-maze foot shock avoidance test and a higher proportion of DHA in hippocampal and amygdala phospholipids. This study demonstrates that, in mature animals, DHA is incorporated into brain phospholipids and that dietary n-3 PUFA is associated with delay in cognitive decline.
Full article available at Journals of Gerontology. Click here for full text.
Petursdottir AL, Farr SA, Morley JE, Banks WA, Skuladottir GV. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1153-60.
Is There a Benefit of Cholesterol Lowering in Cognitive Function?
The influence of age on the association between cholesterol and cognitive function
Full Abstract: With the increasing emphasis on vascular disease as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment, lowering cholesterol has received much attention to maintain cognitive function. Observational studies have shown that high total serum cholesterol levels in middle age, but not in old age, associate with cognitive impairment in later life. This can be explained in part since the association between high levels of total serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease becomes weaker with increasing age and is absent in old age. Most studies on HDL-cholesterol levels show a protective association with cardiovascular disease up to old age, whereas data on the protective association with late-life cognitive impairment is absent. In contrast to general belief, randomized controlled trials and most longitudinal observational studies do not show a positive effect of statin treatment on the risk of dementia when prescribed in later life. In conclusion, high total serum cholesterol in middle age is associated with cognitive impairment and statin therapy is likely to have a benefit on cognitive function via a decrease of cardiovascular pathologies. However, a beneficial effect of cholesterol lowering on cognitive function in old age is uncertain.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
van Vliet P, van de Water W, de Craen AJ, Westendorp RG. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):112-22.
Effects of aging and caloric restriction on bone structure and mechanical properties
Full Abstract: This study examined the effects of caloric restriction on structural and material properties of tibiae and sixth lumbar vertebrae in F344BN male rats. Rats were divided into two dietary groups, ad libitum or calorie restricted. Caloric restriction commenced at 14 weeks of age, with 40% restriction and micronutrient supplementation by 16 weeks maintained until death. Rats were studied at 100% (8 months), 70% (30-35 months), and 35% (35-40 months) survival rates. Specimens were assessed using microcomputed tomography, mechanical testing, and ash analysis. A calorically restricted diet resulted in a significant decrease in total body mass when compared to ad libitum diet. Generally, direct comparisons between same-aged groups showed no significant changes in material properties, with significantly greater normalized-to-body-mass structural properties under caloric restriction. These results suggested a possible beneficial response to the calorically restricted diet where bone quality was maintained with bone quantity improved per unit body mass.
Full article available at Journals of Gerontology. Click here for full text.
Westerbeek ZW, Hepple RT, Zernicke RF. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1131-6.
Omega-3 and Caloric Restriction May Prevent Age-Dependent Loss of LDLr Membrane
Omega-3 as well as caloric restriction prevent the age-related modifications of cholesterol metabolism
Full Abstract: Intracellular concentration of cholesterol is regulated by the balance between endogenous synthesis and exogenous uptake; endogenous synthesis is subject to feedback control of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, while the exogenous supply is mainly controlled by the modulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. During ageing, hepatic lipid modifications occur and caloric restriction are able to prevent these changes. So, the aim of this work was to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the effect exerted both by caloric restrictions and by a diet enriched with Omega-3 fatty acids, on the cholesterol plasma levels during ageing, by studying the regulation of the protein involved in cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. Livers from diet restricted and Omega-3 supplemented diet fed 24-month-old rat were used to analyze, the protein complex of cholesterol homeostasis maintenance and those ones that are able to modulate 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. The data obtained demonstrate that both caloric restriction and Omega-3 supplemented diets are able to prevent hypercholesterolemia, by regulating HMG-CoAR activation state by controlling ROS production and p38 phosphorylation. Moreover also the age-dependent loss of LDLr membrane exposition is prevented.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Martini C, Pallottini V, De Marinis E, Marino M, Cavallini G, Donati A, Straniero S, Trentalance A. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008 Dec;129(12):722-7.
Method of recruitment and the scores of self-report measures: the example of worry in the elderly
Full Abstract: Due to the difficulties in recruiting elderly people for psychological studies, a wide range of recruitment methods has been used. The underlying assumption that the recruitment method does not seriously affect the results has to be tested. Results in different worry measures are compared between three samples which were recruited with different strategies: (i) randomization sampling from the census of an urban area (random sample; n=97); (ii) people involved in leisure activities in senior centers (convenience sample; n=142); and (iii) people from the close environment of psychology students (snowball sample; n=60). People from those samples, aged 65 and more, completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (trait-worry), and the Worry Scale (contents of worry). Differences were found for several demographic characteristics. There were marked differences between samples in the percentage of individuals endorsing cut-score criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), with a very high percentage for the snowball sample. For all of the worry measures, analyzes of variance revealed significantly higher total scores for the non-randomly selected samples (p<0.01). Comparing the latter samples, higher trait worry (p<0.01) and more worrying about health and personal competencies (p<0.01) was found in the snowball sample. These results suggest that the sample recruitment method can specifically and seriously affect the outcomes of studies with elderly people, thus limiting the generalization of their results.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Izal M, Nuevo R, Montorio I, Pérez-Rojo G. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):45-9.
Improved Communication Needed Between Primary Care Physicians and Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients
Perceptions of Physician Recommendations for Joint Replacement Surgery in Older Patients with Severe Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine patient perceptions of physician discussions and recommendations about total joint arthroplasty (TJA). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy-four patients aged 65 and older with severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee for at least 6 months not controlled with medications. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients, 49 were aged 80 and older, 82% were non-Hispanic white, and 69% had knee osteoarthritis. Eighty-seven percent of individuals with baseline interviews and a PCP (142/163) reported that they had discussed their hip or knee arthritis with their PCP at baseline, and 26% (42/163) reported that their PCP discussed TJA as a treatment option. Of the 128 patients who saw an orthopedist, 65% reported that their orthopedist recommended TJA. Only 29% (51/174) of patients underwent TJA. Those who reported discussing TJA with their PCP at baseline were more likely to undergo TJA (P<.01). Thirty-six percent (44/123) of the patients who did not undergo TJA reported that their PCP discussed surgery as a treatment option at baseline or at 12month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe osteoarthritis of their hip or knee who report discussing TJA as a treatment option with their PCP are more likely to undergo TJA within the next year, but few older adults report having these discussions. Improvement is needed in communication between PCPs and patients about TJA.
Click here for full abstract
Click here for full text
Schonberg MA, Marcantonio ER, Hamel MB. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Nov 21.
Volume 1 - 2009
Topics
Aging
Cardiovascular
Exercise and Physiology
Diabetes
Nutrition
Hormones
Cognitive
Caloric Restriction
Other
Aging
Chronic Inflammation is a Major Risk of AgingMolecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases
Abbreviated Abstract: Recent scientific studies have advanced the notion of chronic inflammation as a major risk factor underlying aging and age-related diseases. In this review, low-grade, unresolved, molecular inflammation is described as an underlying mechanism of aging and age-related diseases, which may serve as a bridge between normal aging and age-related pathological processes. Accumulated data strongly suggest that continuous (chronic) upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators are induced during the aging process due to an age-related redox imbalance that activates many pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular roles of age-related physiological functional declines and the accompanying chronic diseases associated with aging. This new view on the role of molecular inflammation as a mechanism of aging and age-related pathogenesis can provide insights into potential interventions that may affect the aging process and reduce age-related diseases, thereby promoting healthy longevity.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Chung HY, Cesari M, Anton S, Marzetti E, Giovannini S, Seo AY, Carter C, Yu BP, Leeuwenburgh C. Ageing Res Rev. 2009 Jan;8(1):18-30.
Telomere Shortening May Be Caused by Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress, telomere length and biomarkers of physical aging in a cohort aged 79 years from the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey
Abbreviated Abstract: Telomere shortening is a biomarker of cellular senescence and is associated with a wide range of age-related disease. Oxidative stress is also associated with physiological aging and several age-related diseases. Non-human studies suggest that variants in oxidative stress genes may contribute to both telomere shortening and biological aging. We sought to test whether oxidative stress-related gene polymorphisms contribute to variance in both telomere length and physical biomarkers of aging in humans. The data indicate that oxidative stress genes may be involved in pathways that lead to both telomere shortening and physiological aging in humans. Oxidative stress may explain, at least in part, associations between telomere shortening and physiological aging.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Starr JM, Shiels PG, Harris SE, Pattie A, Pearce MS, Relton CL, Deary IJ. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008 Dec;129(12):745-51.
Cardiovascular
Decreased Heart Rate in Mammals Reduced Risk of DeathsHeart rate, lifespan, and mortality risk
Full Abstract: An increasing body of scientific research and observational evidence indicates that resting heart rate (HR) is inversely related to the lifespan among homeothermic mammals and within individual species. In numerous human studies with patients stratified by resting HR, increased HR is universally associated with greater risk of death. The correlation between HR and maximum lifespan seems to be due to both basal metabolic rate and cardiovascular-related mortality risk. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are already postulated to determine how the biological clock works, through regulating and modulating the processes such as protein oxidation, free radical production, inflammation and telomere shortening. Given the remarkable correlation between HR and lifespan, resting HR should be seriously considered as another possible cap on maximum lifespan. Future research is needed to determine whether deliberate cardiac slowing, through methods like lifestyle modification, pharmacological intervention, or medical devices, can decelerate biological clock of aging, reduce cardiovascular mortality and increase maximum lifespan in humans in general.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Zhang GQ, Zhang W. Ageing Res Rev. 2009 Jan;8(1):52-60.
The Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers was Similar to Survival Rate
Comparative effectiveness of beta-blockers in elderly patients with heart failure
Abbreviated Abstract: Our study population included North Carolina residents at least 65 years old who were eligible for Medicare and Medicaid with pharmacy benefits and had had at least 1 hospitalization for heart failure (HF) during the period 2001 through 2004. Primary outcome was survival from 30 days to 1 year. Secondary outcomes included number and days of rehospitalizations for HF and number of outpatient visits. Cohorts were defined by beta-blockers class (evidence-based beta-blockers or EBBBs, non-EBBBs, or no beta-blockers) in first 30 days after discharge from index hospitalization for HF. Outcomes were analyzed using inverse probability-weighted (IPW) estimators with propensity score adjustment. CONCLUSION: In this elderly population, the comparative effectiveness of EBBBs vs non-EBBBs was similar for 1-year survival, whereas the rehospitalization rate was higher for patients receiving EBBBs.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Archives of Internal Medicine to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Kramer JM, Curtis LH, Dupree CS, Pelter D, Hernandez A, Massing M, Anstrom KJ. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Dec 8;168(22):2422-8; discussion 2428-32.
Elevated BMI Linked to Heart Failure
Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men
Abbreviated Abstract: Elevated body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) in the obese range (> or =30 kg/m(2)) is associated with an excess risk of heart failure (HF). However, the impact of overweight or preobese (BMI, 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2)) status and physical activity on HF risk is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective cohort of 21,094 men (mean age, 53 years) without known coronary heart disease at baseline in the Physicians' Health Study, we examined the individual and combined effects of BMI and vigorous physical activity (exercise to the point of breaking a sweat) on HF incidence from 1982 to 2007. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of men, elevated BMI, even in the preobese range, was associated with an increased risk of HF, and vigorous physical activity was associated with a decreased risk. Public health measures to curtail excess weight, to maintain optimal weight, and to promote physical activity may limit the scourge of HF.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Circulation to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Kenchaiah S, Sesso HD, Gaziano JM. Circulation. 2009 Jan 6;119(1):44-52.
Exercise and Physiology
Exercise Increase GH Secretion Whether Continuous or IntermittentEffects of continuous versus intermittent exercise, obesity, and gender on growth hormone secretion
Abbreviated Abstract: CONTEXT: Obesity attenuates spontaneous GH secretion and the GH response to exercise. Obese individuals often have low fitness levels, limiting their ability to complete a typical 30-min bout of continuous exercise. An alternative regimen in obese subjects may be shorter bouts of exercise interspersed throughout the day. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine whether intermittent and continuous exercise interventions evoke similar patterns of 24-h GH secretion and whether responses are attenuated in obese subjects or affected by gender. RESULTS: Compared with unstimulated 24-h GH secretion, both intermittent and continuous exercise, at constant exercise intensity, resulted in severalfold elevation of 24-h integrated serum GH concentrations in young adults. Basal and pulsatile modes of GH secretion were attenuated both at rest and during exercise in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that continuous and intermittent exercise training should be comparably effective in increasing 24-h GH secretion.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Weltman A, Weltman JY, Watson Winfield DD, Frick K, Patrie J, Kok P, Keenan DM, Gaesser GA, Veldhuis JD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec;93(12):4711-20.
Anxiety Reduced by Physical Activities in Older Adults
Physical activity, mood and the functioning of daily living: A longitudinal study among former elite athletes and referents in middle and old age
Abbreviated Abstract: We studied whether factors related to type of sport participated in as young adults and level of and changes in physical activity later in life predict changes in mood as well as functioning during a 6-year follow-up. A cohort of male Finnish former athletes (N=504), referents (N=349) was followed up for changes in physical activity, in relation to subsequent self-reported mood and functioning of daily living in 1985, 1995, and 2001. The mean age of the cohort was 68.6 years in 2001. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to assess changes in mood and functioning between 1995 and 2001 in relation to baseline values and changes in exposure variables and covariates. A low level of physical activity in 1985 predicted a decrease in physical functioning between 1995 and 2001 in the lowest physical activity compared to the highest quintile as well as poor physical functioning at the end of follow-up in 2001. An increase in physical activity between 1985 and 1995 protected against onset of anxiety between 1995 and 2001. Physical activity for elderly seems to have an important role in reducing the progress of deficiencies in physical functioning and in preventing onset of anxiety.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Bäckmand HM, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Sarna S. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):1-9.
Growth Hormones-Differences in Stress Resilience
Long-living growth hormone receptor knockout mice: potential mechanisms of altered stress resistance
Abbreviated Abstract: Endocrine mutant mice have proven invaluable toward the quest to uncover mechanisms underlying longevity. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) have been shown to be key players in physiological systems that contribute to aging processes including glucose metabolism, body composition and cellular protection. Examination of these mutant mice across several laboratories has revealed that differences exist in both the direction and magnitude of change, differences that may result in variation in life span. Growth hormone receptor knockout mice lack a functional GH receptor, therefore GH signaling is absent. In this study, glutathione (GSH) and methionine (MET) metabolism was examined to determine the extent of variation in this mutant in comparison to the Ames dwarf, a mouse that exhibits delayed aging and life span extension of nearly 70%. Components of GSH and MET were altered in GHR KO compared to wild type controls. The results of these experiments suggest that these pathways may be partially responsible for differences observed in stress resistance and the capacity to respond to stressors, that in the long term, affect health and life span.
Click here for full abstract.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Sharma S, Bartke A.Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):10-9.
Is Taller Healthier?
Should we be concerned over increasing body height and weight?
Full Abstract: Based on 36 years of research, this paper explores the impact of human height on chronic disease, life expectancy, and longevity. The findings presented challenge the common belief that promoting rapid growth and maximum height attainment is a desirable goal. Also presented, are the biological mechanisms related to height and longevity. This paper concludes with a review of paradoxes that face the traditional belief that taller is healthier.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Samaras TT. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):83-92.
Changes That Contribute to Age-Related Muscle Dysfunction
Age-related muscle dysfunction
Full Abstract: Aging is associated with a progressive decline of muscle mass, strength, and quality, a condition described as sarcopenia of aging. Despite the significance of skeletal muscle atrophy, the mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of muscle performance are only partially understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight cellular, molecular, and biochemical changes that contribute to age-related muscle dysfunction.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Thompson LV. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):106-11.
Diabetes
Some Dosages of Vitamin C and Vitamin E Are Not Sufficient to Decrease LDL Level in Older Adults with Type 2 DiabetesEffects of vitamin C supplementation on antioxidants and lipid peroxidation markers in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes
Full Abstract: The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of two dosages of vitamin C (Vit-C) (0.5 and 1g/day, vs. placebo) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on the intracellular levels of Vit-C and glutathione, and on the lipid peroxidation markers and vitamin E (Vit-E) content of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and on LDL susceptibility to gamma radiolysis-induced peroxidation. Thirty-six patients were randomized into three groups. In patients on 0.5 g Vit-C/day versus the placebo group, a significant increase in cellular reduced glutathione level was observed (0.60+/-0.26 vs. 0.33+/-0.27). In patients on 1 g Vit-C/day versus placebo, a significant increase was also observed in cellular reduced glutathione (0.93+/-0.70 vs. 0.33+/-0.27), in Vit-C (5.66+/-2.00 vs. 2.72+/-1.88) and in vitamin E content of LDL (1.98+/-0.38 vs. 1.48+/-0.40). No change was observed in either group in basal levels of lipid peroxidation markers and in the susceptibility of LDL to peroxidation provoked by gamma-radiolysis. In conclusion, Vit-C has a dose-dependent effect on the cellular contents of antioxidants and on vitamin E content of LDL in elderly patients with type 2 DM. These changes are not sufficient to decrease the LDL susceptibility to peroxidation.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Tessier DM, Khalil A, Trottier L, Fülöp T. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):67-72.
Long-term Low Dose Aspirin Does Not Prevent Development of Clinical Type 2 Diabetes
A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the prevention of clinical type 2 diabetes in women
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Subclinical inflammation is linked with the development of type 2 diabetes, and epidemiologic data suggest that this association may be stronger in women. Although small clinical studies have shown a prominent hypoglycemic effect of short-term high-dose aspirin, no randomized trials have directly evaluated the efficacy of aspirin in diabetes prevention at doses acceptable for use in routine clinical practice. We evaluated whether chronic low-dose aspirin prevents the development of clinical diabetes among initially healthy American women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects were enrolled in the Women's Health Study, a 10-year randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin and vitamin E for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. RESULTS: Among women randomly assigned to receive aspirin (n = 19,326) or placebo (n = 19,390), there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. There were 849 cases of diabetes in the aspirin group and 847 in the placebo group (rate ratio 1.01 [95% CI 0.91-1.11]). Stratification by diabetes risk factors including age, BMI, family history of diabetes, physical activity, A1C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not support a modulating effect of these variables. Analyses accounting for treatment duration and adherence similarly found no beneficial effects. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that long-term low-dose aspirin does not prevent the development of clinical type 2 diabetes in initially healthy women.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Diabetes Care to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Pradhan AD, Cook NR, Manson JE, Ridker PM, Buring JE. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):3-8.
Nutrition
Raisins and Walking May Reduce LDLRaisins and walking alter appetite hormones and plasma lipids by modifications in lipoprotein metabolism and up-regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor
Abbreviated Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of consuming raisins, increasing steps walked, or a combination of these interventions on lipoprotein metabolism and appetite hormones by assessing plasma apolipoprotein concentrations, cholesterol ester transfer protein activity, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance, and plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations. Thirty-four subjects (17 men and 17 postmenopausal women) were matched for weight and sex and randomly assigned to consume 1 cup raisins per day (RAISIN), increase the amount of steps walked per day (WALK), or a combination of both interventions (RAISIN + WALK). The subjects completed a 2-week run-in period, followed by a 6-week intervention. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from mononuclear cells, and LDL receptor mRNA abundance was quantified by use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. There was a significant group effect for plasma leptin (P = .026). Plasma concentrations increased for RAISIN and RAISIN + WALK. Similarly, plasma ghrelin concentrations were elevated postintervention for both groups consuming raisins (P < .05). These data suggest that walking and raisin consumption decrease plasma LDL cholesterol by up-regulating the LDL receptor and that raisin consumption may reduce hunger and affect dietary intake by altering hormones influencing satiety.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Puglisi MJ, Mutungi G, Brun PJ, McGrane MM, Labonte C, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. Metabolism. 2009 Jan;58(1):120-8.
Green Tea Polyphenols Affects the Total HDL Cholesterol
Daily consumption of an aqueous green tea extract supplement does not impair liver function or alter cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers in healthy men
Abbreviated Abstract: Regular consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) is thought to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but has also been associated with liver toxicity. The present trial aimed to assess the safety and potential CVD health beneficial effects of daily GTP consumption. We conducted a placebo-controlled parallel study to evaluate the chronic effects of GTP on liver function and CVD risk biomarkers in healthy men. Volunteers consumed for 3 wk 6 capsules per day (2 before each principal meal) containing green tea extracts (equivalent to 714 mg/d GTP) or placebo. Biomarkers of liver function and CVD risk (including blood pressure, plasma lipids, and asymmetric dimethylarginine) were unaffected by GTP consumption. After treatment, the ratio of total: HDL cholesterol was significantly reduced in participants taking GTP capsules compared with baseline. Endothelial-dependent and -independent vascular reactivity did not significantly differ between treatments. In conclusion, the present data suggests that the daily consumption of high doses of GTP by healthy men for 3 wk is safe but without effects on CVD risk biomarkers other than the total: HDL cholesterol ratio.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of The Journal of Nutrition to view full abstract. Click here to sign in.
Frank J, George TW, Lodge JK, Rodriguez-Mateos AM, Spencer JP, Minihane AM, Rimbach G. J Nutr. 2009 Jan;139(1):58-62.
Mediterranean Diet and Nuts - A Useful Tool for Metabolic Syndrome
Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: one-year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial
Abbreviated Abstract: A total of 1224 participants were recruited from the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) Study, a multicenter, 3-arm, randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy of the MedDiet on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Participants were older subjects at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Interventions were quarterly education about the MedDiet plus provision of either 1 L/wk of virgin olive oil (MedDiet + VOO) or 30 g/d of mixed nuts (MedDiet + nuts), and advice on a low-fat diet (control diet). All diets were ad libitum, and there was no increase in physical activity for any of the interventions. Lifestyle variables and MetS features as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were assessed. RESULTS: At baseline, 61.4% of participants met criteria for the MetS. One-year prevalence was reduced by 6.7%, 13.7%, and 2.0% in the MedDiet + VOO, MedDiet + nuts, and control diet groups, respectively (MedDiet + nuts vs control groups, P = .01; MedDiet + VOO vs control group, P = .18). Incident rates of the MetS were not significantly different among groups (22.9%, 17.9%, and 23.4%, respectively). After adjustment for sex, age, baseline obesity status, and weight changes, the odds ratios for reversion of MetS were 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.1) for the MedDiet + VOO group and 1.7 (1.1-2.6) for the MedDiet + nuts group compared with the control diet group. CONCLUSION: A traditional MedDiet enriched with nuts could be a useful tool in the management of the MetS.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Archives of Internal Medicine to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Salas-Salvadó J, Fernández-Ballart J, Ros E, Martínez-González MA, Fitó M, Estruch R, Corella D, Fiol M, Gómez-Gracia E, Arós F, Flores G, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventós R, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Bulló M, Basora J, Covas MI; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Dec 8;168(22):2449-58.
Omega-3 May Affect Weight and Appetite in Alzheimer's Patients
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Effects on Weight and Appetite in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: The Omega-3 Alzheimer's Disease Study
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the effects of omega (Omega)-3 fatty acid (FA) supplements on weight and appetite in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) in relation to inflammatory biomarkers and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 (APOEepsilon4). DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred four patients (aged 73+/-9, 52% women) with mild to moderate AD. INTERVENTION: Patients with AD received 1.7 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 0.6 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (Omega-3/Omega-3 group; n=89, aged 73+/-9, 57% women) or placebo 0.6 g of linoleic acid per day (placebo/Omega-3 group; n=85, aged 73+/-9, 46% women) for 6 months. After 6 months, all patients received DHA and EPA for another 6 months. CONCLUSION: A DHA-enriched Omega-3 FA supplement may positively affect weight and appetite in patients with mild to moderate AD. Not carrying the APOEepsilon4 allele and high DHA were independently associated with weight gain.
Click here for full abstract
Full text available at Wiley InterScience. Click here for full text.
Faxén Irving G, Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Basun H, Brismar K, Hjorth E, Palmblad J, Vessby B, Vedin I, Wahlund LO, Cederholm T. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Nov 20.
Hormones
Estrogen Effect on IGF-I is Subject to Method of AdministrationEffects of the route of estrogen administration on insulinlike growth factor-I, IGF binding protein-3, and insulin resistance in healthy postmenopausal women: results from a randomized, controlled study
Full Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Oral estrogen therapy suppresses insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, whereas conventional dose transdermal estradiol (E2) does not. However, it has been proposed that if sufficiently high serum E2 levels are achieved, nonoral E2 will also suppress serum IGF-I. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of intranasal E2 with norethisterone (E2/NET) versus oral E2/NET acetate on IGF-I, IGF binding protein 3, and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: This was a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy trial. Postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either daily intranasal E2/NET (175 microg/275 microg) as a spray and a placebo tablet (n = 41) or oral E2/NET acetate (1 mg/0.5 mg) plus placebo intranasal spray (n = 41) for 1 year. Fasting plasma concentrations of IGF-I, IGF binding protein 3, glucose and insulin, glucose and insulin at 120 minutes post-glucose challenge, and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance were assessed at baseline and after 52 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: The two groups were well matched for all clinical and biochemical parameters at baseline. There were no significant between-group differences for fasting and 120-minute glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and IGF binding protein 3. The mean IGF-I level at week 52 was significantly lower for women treated with oral versus intranasal therapy (116 +/- 21 [SD] versus 134 +/- 33 [SD], P = 0.005) and the mean difference in change over 52 weeks in IGF-I was significantly different between groups (-19, 95% CI:-37 to -1, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy postmenopausal women, intranasal E2 at a dose that results in serum levels that exceed the proposed threshold for growth hormone and IGF-I effects, does not alter IGF-I levels. This suggests that the effect of exogenous estrogen on IGF-I is a function of the method of administration rather than being dose related.
Must be a member of Menopause to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Davis SR, Stuckey BG, Norman RJ, Papalia MA, Drillich A, Bell RJ. Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1065-9.Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1065-9.
Women's Well-Being Is Not Always Affected By Menopausal Transition and Postmenopause
Well-being during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: a longitudinal analysis
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between well-being and the menopausal transition (MT) to determine (1) whether women's well-being varies over the course of the MT and early postmenopause (PM) and (2) whether any observed variation is predicted by MT variables, other midlife transitions, or personal resources. DESIGN: Women from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study (N = 334) provided data for these analyses from at least one annual health questionnaire and a menstrual calendar. A subset of women provided a first morning voided urine specimen from 1997 through 2005. Urine samples were assayed for estrone glucuronide and follicle-stimulating hormone. Mixed-effects modeling using the R library was used to investigate whether MT-related factors, including MT stage, presence of hot flashes, hot flash severity and levels of estrone glucuronide and follicle-stimulating hormone, number of negative life events, or personal resources of mastery and satisfaction with social support are significant predictors of well-being. CONCLUSION: The variability in women's well-being in this study was more affected by life events other than the MT and early PM and by the personal resources available to meet transition demands. These findings suggest that for most women, the MT is not a predictor of level of well-being when considered in a broader life context.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Menopause to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Smith-DiJulio K, Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1095-102.
Higher Levels of Endogenous Sex Hormones Preserve Brain Function in Older Men
Sex hormones and cognitive decline in elderly men
Full Abstract: Decline of cognitive function with age may be due, in part, to hormonal changes and it has been hypothesized that higher levels of endogenous sex hormones preserve brain function. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the relative contribution of endogenous sex hormones to cognitive decline in a population-based sample of 242 elderly men aged 73-91 at baseline. Endogenous sex hormone levels were measured at baseline and participants underwent a cognitive assessment at baseline and at follow-up after 4 years. Higher estradiol (total and bioavailable) and estrone levels were associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in elderly men independent of age, cardiovascular risk factors, atherosclerosis, and APOE genotype. These findings do not support the hypotheses that higher levels of endogenous sex hormones preserve brain function.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Muller M, van den Beld AW, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Lamberts SW. Psychoneuroendocrinology.2009 Jan;34(1):27-31.
Primary and Secondary Hand Smoke May Cause Early Onset of Menopause
Earlier age at menopause, work, and tobacco smoke exposure
Full Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Earlier age at menopause onset has been associated with increased all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risks. The risk of earlier age at menopause associated with primary and secondary tobacco smoke exposure was assessed. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study using a nationally representative sample of US women. A total of 7,596 women (representing an estimated 79 million US women) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III were asked time since last menstrual period, occupation, and tobacco use (including home and workplace second-hand smoke [SHS] exposure). Blood cotinine and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were assessed. Logistic regressions for the odds of earlier age at menopause, stratified on race/ethnicity in women 25 to 50 years of age and adjusted for survey design, were controlled for age, body mass index, education, tobacco smoke exposure, and occupation. RESULTS: Among 5,029 US women older than 25 years with complete data, earlier age at menopause was found among all smokers and among service and manufacturing industry sector workers. Among women age 25 to 50 years, there was an increased risk of earlier age at menopause with both primary smoking and SHS exposure, particularly among black women. CONCLUSIONS: Primary tobacco use and SHS exposure were associated with increased odds of earlier age at menopause in a representative sample of US women. Earlier age at menopause was found for some women worker groups with greater potential occupational SHS exposure. Thus, control of SHS exposure in the workplace may decrease the risk of mortality and morbidity associated with earlier age at menopause in US women workers.
Must be a member of Menopause to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Fleming LE, Levis S, LeBlanc WG, Dietz NA, Arheart KL, Wilkinson JD, Clark J, Serdar B, Davila EP, Lee DJ. Menopause. 2008 Nov-Dec;15(6):1103-8.
The Effects of Various Aspects of Smoking and Menopause
The relationship between smoking and age at the menopause: A systematic review
Abbreviated Abstract: CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Increasing life expectancy has made it ever more important to study the factors that influence the age at the menopause, given that when it is reached outside of the normal range, it is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Among the factors studied in relation to early menopause, smoking is prominent. Destruction of the ovarian follicles is one of the mechanisms postulated for this effect. The aim of this study was to review and describe the associations between age at the menopause and the habit of smoking, its duration and its intensity. RESULTS: A great majority of the studies reported an association between the habit of smoking and early menopause, but there was no clear evidence that the duration of smoking and quantity of cigarettes smoked had any association with age at the natural menopause. CONCLUSION: Additional studies are needed, preferably of prospective nature and with a large number of women, in order to deepen the knowledge of the effects of various aspects of smoking on age at the menopause. Experimental studies on animals may also contribute towards clarifying the physiopathological mechanisms through which smoking influences age at the menopause.
Click here for full abstract
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Parente RC, Faerstein E, Celeste RK, Werneck GL. Maturitas. 2008 Dec 20;61(4):287-98.
Endogenous Estradiol Level Effects on Bone Mineral Density May Be More Effective in Older Women
Effect of endogenous estradiol levels on bone resorption and bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a prospective study
Full Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of endogenous estrogens on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone markers in postmenopausal women over 24 months. METHODS: Fifty out of 99 postmenopausal women seen previously were re-assessed after 24 months. Levels of BMD, bone markers, serum estradiol (E(2)) and total testosterone were determined. RESULTS: BMD decreased in the femoral neck ( approximately 2%) (p < 0.008), but remained stable in the other skeletal areas; E(2) and serum Crosslaps (sCTX) decreased by 34% (p < 0.001) and 21% (p < 0.003), respectively. Women aged < or = 65 years exhibited decreased BMD only in the femoral neck (2%, p < 0.01), without changes in bone markers. Women aged > 65 years exhibited a decrease in sCTX levels and stable BMD values at all skeletal sites. E(2) levels decreased similarly in both groups ( approximately 35%). Women with baseline E(2) levels > or = 10 pg/ml showed stable BMD in spite of their E(2) levels decreasing by 42% (p < 0.001); sCTX decreased by 21% (p < 0.01). Women with baseline E(2) levels < 10 pg/ml showed a 2% decrease (p < 0.001) in femoral neck BMD and a 19% decrease (p < 0.002) in E(2) levels, without changes in bone markers. CONCLUSION: Although endogenous E(2) decreased to around 7 pg/ml in these menopausal women, this level would seem to be sufficient to maintain BMD in almost all skeletal areas, and to be more effective in older women.
Must be a member of Informaworld to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Mastaglia SR, Bagur A, Royer M, Yankelevich D, Sayegh F, Oliveri B. Climacteric. 2009 Feb;12(1):49-58.
Cognitive
The Relationship Between Life-space and Cognitive FunctionLife-space and cognitive decline in a community-based sample of African American and Caucasian older adults
Full Abstract: BACKGROUND: Life-space, a measure of movement through one's environment, may be viewed as one aspect of environmental complexity for older adults. We examined the relationship between life-space and subsequent change in cognitive function. METHODS: Participants were 624 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries (49% African American) who completed in-home assessments at baseline and follow-up 4 years later. The Life-Space Assessment was used at baseline to measure extent, frequency, and independence of participants' movement within and outside the home. Cognitive decline was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: In a regression model adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, gender, race, residence (rural/urban), and education, greater life-space at baseline predicted reduced cognitive decline (beta = -.177, p <.001). This association remained statistically significant in subsequent models that examined what proportion of the observed association was explained by baseline physical activity, physical function, vascular risk factors, comorbidity, and psychosocial factors. Physical function accounted for the largest proportion (37.3%) of the association between life-space and cognitive decline. There was no significant interaction between life-space and race, gender, or age in predicting cognitive decline. In a logistic regression analysis, participants in the highest quartile of life-space had 53% reduced odds of substantial cognitive decline (> or =4 points on MMSE) compared to those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest that life-space may be a useful identifier of older adults at risk for cognitive decline. Future research should investigate the potential reciprocal relationship between life-space and cognitive function as well as the interrelationship between these factors and physical function.
Full article available at Journals of Gerontology. Click here for full text.
Crowe M, Andel R, Wadley VG, Okonkwo OC, Sawyer P, Allman RM. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1241-5.
Omega-3 May Delay Cognitive Decline
Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain lipid fatty acid composition, learning ability, and memory of senescence-accelerated mouse
Full Abstract: Animal studies have shown that a deficiency in brain of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with memory loss and diminished cognitive function. The senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse develops impairments in learning and memory at 8-12 months of age. The effect of diet supplemented with n-3 PUFA on brain phospholipid DHA status, learning, and memory ability in aged SAMP8 mice was investigated. At the age of 10 months, SAMP8 mice were fed either a low-DHA or a high-DHA diet for 8 weeks. In comparison to SAMP8 mice fed the low-DHA diet, those fed a high-DHA diet had improved acquisition and retention in a T-maze foot shock avoidance test and a higher proportion of DHA in hippocampal and amygdala phospholipids. This study demonstrates that, in mature animals, DHA is incorporated into brain phospholipids and that dietary n-3 PUFA is associated with delay in cognitive decline.
Full article available at Journals of Gerontology. Click here for full text.
Petursdottir AL, Farr SA, Morley JE, Banks WA, Skuladottir GV. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1153-60.
Is There a Benefit of Cholesterol Lowering in Cognitive Function?
The influence of age on the association between cholesterol and cognitive function
Full Abstract: With the increasing emphasis on vascular disease as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment, lowering cholesterol has received much attention to maintain cognitive function. Observational studies have shown that high total serum cholesterol levels in middle age, but not in old age, associate with cognitive impairment in later life. This can be explained in part since the association between high levels of total serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease becomes weaker with increasing age and is absent in old age. Most studies on HDL-cholesterol levels show a protective association with cardiovascular disease up to old age, whereas data on the protective association with late-life cognitive impairment is absent. In contrast to general belief, randomized controlled trials and most longitudinal observational studies do not show a positive effect of statin treatment on the risk of dementia when prescribed in later life. In conclusion, high total serum cholesterol in middle age is associated with cognitive impairment and statin therapy is likely to have a benefit on cognitive function via a decrease of cardiovascular pathologies. However, a beneficial effect of cholesterol lowering on cognitive function in old age is uncertain.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
van Vliet P, van de Water W, de Craen AJ, Westendorp RG. Exp Gerontol. 2009 Jan-Feb;44(1-2):112-22.
Caloric Restriction
Caloric Restriction May Be Beneficial In Bone Mass and Bone QualityEffects of aging and caloric restriction on bone structure and mechanical properties
Full Abstract: This study examined the effects of caloric restriction on structural and material properties of tibiae and sixth lumbar vertebrae in F344BN male rats. Rats were divided into two dietary groups, ad libitum or calorie restricted. Caloric restriction commenced at 14 weeks of age, with 40% restriction and micronutrient supplementation by 16 weeks maintained until death. Rats were studied at 100% (8 months), 70% (30-35 months), and 35% (35-40 months) survival rates. Specimens were assessed using microcomputed tomography, mechanical testing, and ash analysis. A calorically restricted diet resulted in a significant decrease in total body mass when compared to ad libitum diet. Generally, direct comparisons between same-aged groups showed no significant changes in material properties, with significantly greater normalized-to-body-mass structural properties under caloric restriction. These results suggested a possible beneficial response to the calorically restricted diet where bone quality was maintained with bone quantity improved per unit body mass.
Full article available at Journals of Gerontology. Click here for full text.
Westerbeek ZW, Hepple RT, Zernicke RF. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Nov;63(11):1131-6.
Omega-3 and Caloric Restriction May Prevent Age-Dependent Loss of LDLr Membrane
Omega-3 as well as caloric restriction prevent the age-related modifications of cholesterol metabolism
Full Abstract: Intracellular concentration of cholesterol is regulated by the balance between endogenous synthesis and exogenous uptake; endogenous synthesis is subject to feedback control of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, while the exogenous supply is mainly controlled by the modulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor. During ageing, hepatic lipid modifications occur and caloric restriction are able to prevent these changes. So, the aim of this work was to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the effect exerted both by caloric restrictions and by a diet enriched with Omega-3 fatty acids, on the cholesterol plasma levels during ageing, by studying the regulation of the protein involved in cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. Livers from diet restricted and Omega-3 supplemented diet fed 24-month-old rat were used to analyze, the protein complex of cholesterol homeostasis maintenance and those ones that are able to modulate 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. The data obtained demonstrate that both caloric restriction and Omega-3 supplemented diets are able to prevent hypercholesterolemia, by regulating HMG-CoAR activation state by controlling ROS production and p38 phosphorylation. Moreover also the age-dependent loss of LDLr membrane exposition is prevented.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Martini C, Pallottini V, De Marinis E, Marino M, Cavallini G, Donati A, Straniero S, Trentalance A. Mech Ageing Dev. 2008 Dec;129(12):722-7.
Other
Sample Recruitment Methods Can Seriously Affect the Outcome of Studies in Older AdultsMethod of recruitment and the scores of self-report measures: the example of worry in the elderly
Full Abstract: Due to the difficulties in recruiting elderly people for psychological studies, a wide range of recruitment methods has been used. The underlying assumption that the recruitment method does not seriously affect the results has to be tested. Results in different worry measures are compared between three samples which were recruited with different strategies: (i) randomization sampling from the census of an urban area (random sample; n=97); (ii) people involved in leisure activities in senior centers (convenience sample; n=142); and (iii) people from the close environment of psychology students (snowball sample; n=60). People from those samples, aged 65 and more, completed the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (trait-worry), and the Worry Scale (contents of worry). Differences were found for several demographic characteristics. There were marked differences between samples in the percentage of individuals endorsing cut-score criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), with a very high percentage for the snowball sample. For all of the worry measures, analyzes of variance revealed significantly higher total scores for the non-randomly selected samples (p<0.01). Comparing the latter samples, higher trait worry (p<0.01) and more worrying about health and personal competencies (p<0.01) was found in the snowball sample. These results suggest that the sample recruitment method can specifically and seriously affect the outcomes of studies with elderly people, thus limiting the generalization of their results.
Must be a member of Science Direct to view full article. Click here to sign in.
Izal M, Nuevo R, Montorio I, Pérez-Rojo G. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 Jan-Feb;48(1):45-9.
Improved Communication Needed Between Primary Care Physicians and Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients
Perceptions of Physician Recommendations for Joint Replacement Surgery in Older Patients with Severe Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine patient perceptions of physician discussions and recommendations about total joint arthroplasty (TJA). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy-four patients aged 65 and older with severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee for at least 6 months not controlled with medications. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients, 49 were aged 80 and older, 82% were non-Hispanic white, and 69% had knee osteoarthritis. Eighty-seven percent of individuals with baseline interviews and a PCP (142/163) reported that they had discussed their hip or knee arthritis with their PCP at baseline, and 26% (42/163) reported that their PCP discussed TJA as a treatment option. Of the 128 patients who saw an orthopedist, 65% reported that their orthopedist recommended TJA. Only 29% (51/174) of patients underwent TJA. Those who reported discussing TJA with their PCP at baseline were more likely to undergo TJA (P<.01). Thirty-six percent (44/123) of the patients who did not undergo TJA reported that their PCP discussed surgery as a treatment option at baseline or at 12month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe osteoarthritis of their hip or knee who report discussing TJA as a treatment option with their PCP are more likely to undergo TJA within the next year, but few older adults report having these discussions. Improvement is needed in communication between PCPs and patients about TJA.
Click here for full abstract
Click here for full text
Schonberg MA, Marcantonio ER, Hamel MB. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Nov 21.
Phone: (866) 840-1117 - Fax: (602) 778-7490 - Email: info@kronosinstitute.org
Copyright 2012 KLRI. All rights reserved. Terms of Usage - Privacy Policy