September 2007
Exercise
Longevity
Nutrition
Diabetes
Hormones
Other
The Effects of Aging and Physical Activity on Doppler Measures of Diastolic Function
A Change in Diastolic Pressure is Only Minimized By Lifelong Endurance Training
Abbreviated Abstract: Healthy aging results in changes in Doppler measures of diastolic function. It is unclear whether these alterations are a specific manifestation of the aging process or reflect a cardiac adaptation to a more sedentary lifestyle. It was hypothesized that healthy, but sedentary, aging would result in slowing of diastolic filling and myocardial relaxation, whereas lifelong endurance training would prevent such changes. In conclusion, age-associated abnormalities in Doppler measures of myocardial filling and relaxation are only partially minimized by lifelong endurance training and therefore may be more specific to the aging process than secondary to years of deconditioning.
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Prasad A, Popovic ZB, Arbab-Zadeh A, Fu Q, Palmer D, Dijk E, Greenberg NL, Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Levine BD. The effects of aging and physical activity on Doppler measures of diastolic function. Am J Cardiol. 2007 June 15; 99(12): 1629-36.
Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Meta-analysis
Exercise More Effective in Increasing HDL-C Levels in Individuals with High Total Cholesterol or Low Body Mass
Abbreviated Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise is believed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease partially through increasing serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). However, this effect varies considerably among exercise intervention studies. CONCLUSIONS: Regular aerobic exercise modestly increases HDL-C level. There appears to exist a minimum exercise volume for a significant increase in HDL-C level. Exercise duration per session was the most important element of an exercise prescription. Exercise was more effective in subjects with initially high total cholesterol levels or low body mass index.
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Kodama S, Tanaka S, Saito K, Shu M, Sone Y, Onitake F, Suzuki E, Shimano H, Yamamoto S, Kondo K, Ohashi Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007 May 28;167(10):999-1008.
Enhancement of Fat Metabolism by Repeated Bouts of Moderate Endurance Exercise
Repeated Exercise Contributes to Fat Oxidation to the Energy Used
Abbreviated Abstract: This study compared the fat metabolism between "a single bout of prolonged exercise" and "repeated bouts of exercise" of equivalent exercise intensity and total exercise duration. Seven men performed three trials: 1) a single bout of 60-min exercise (Single); 2) two bouts of 30-min exercise, separated by a 20-min rest between exercise bouts (Repeated); and 3) rest. The relative contribution of fat oxidation to the energy expenditure showed significantly higher values (P<0.05) in the Repeated trial than in the Single trial during the recovery period. These results indicate that repeated bouts of exercise cause enhanced fat metabolism compared with a single bout of prolonged exercise of equivalent total exercise duration.
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Goto K, Ishii N, Mizuno A, Takamatsu K. Enhancement of fat metabolism by repeated bouts of moderate endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007 Jun;102(6):2158-64.
Genealogy of Centenarians and Their Relatives: A Study of 12 Families
Study Shows Historic Evidences for Genetic Basis of Longevity
Abbreviated Abstract: The longevity is a complex phenomenon in which specific genetic properties seem to play a role. The present study intended to reconstruct the genealogical tree of 12 subjects, being residents of one Northern and one Southern province of Italy, in order to establish the longevity of the ancestors. We verified the medium life span of the Italian population in the given periods of time, when the centenarians and their ascending lines had lived. These results offer clear historic-statistical evidences for the genetic basis of longevity.
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Motta M, Malaguarnera M, Ferrari E, Mauro VN, Ferrucci L, Rapisarda R, Tomasello FB, Basile G, Ferlito L, Passamonte M, Bennati E. Genealogy of centenarians and their relatives: a study of 12 families. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007 Jul-Aug;45(1):97-102.
Extended Longevity of Queen Honey Bees Compared to Workers is Associated with Peroxidation-Resistant Membranes
Membrane Composition an Important Factor to Determine Maximum Lifespan in Bees
Abbreviated Abstract: In the honey bee (Apis mellifera), depending on what they are fed, female eggs become either workers or queens. Although queens and workers share a common genome, the maximum lifespan of queens is an order-of-magnitude longer than workers. The mechanistic basis of this longevity difference is unknown. In order to test if differences in membrane composition could be involved we have compared the fatty acid composition of phospholipids of queen and worker honey bees. The results support the suggestion that membrane composition might be an important factor in the determination of maximum lifespan.
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Haddad LS, Kelbert L, Hulbert AJ. Extended longevity of queen honey bees compared to workers is associated with peroxidation-resistant membranes. Exp Gerontol. 2007 Jul;42(7):601-9.
Low Vitamin D Status Despite Abundant Sun Exposure
Low Vitamin D Levels Even After High Sun Exposure
Abbreviated Abstract: CONTEXT: Lack of sun exposure is widely accepted as the primary cause of epidemic low vitamin D status worldwide. However, some individuals with seemingly adequate UV exposure have been reported to have low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to document the 25(OH)D status of healthy individuals with habitually high sun exposure. SETTING: This study was conducted in a convenience sample of adults in Honolulu, Hawaii (latitude 21 degrees). PARTICIPANTS: The study population consisted of 93 adults (30 women and 63 men) with a mean (sem) age and body mass index of 24.0 yr (0.7) and 23.6 kg/m(2) (0.4), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that variable responsiveness to UVB radiation is evident among individuals, causing some to have low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. In addition, because the maximal 25(OH)D concentration produced by natural UV exposure appears to be approximately 60 ng/ml, it seems prudent to use this value as an upper limit when prescribing vitamin D supplementation.
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Binkley N, Novotny R, Krueger D, Kawahara T, Daida YG, Lensmeyer G, Hollis BW, Drezner MK. Low Vitamin D Status Despite Abundant Sun Exposure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2130-5.
Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake and Cognitive Function in Older Women
Study Shows No Effects of Isoflavone on Cognitive Function
Abbreviated Abstract: BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a decline in cognitive function; we explored the possible influence of dietary phytoestrogens on this decline. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 301 Dutch women aged 60-75 years. Dietary isoflavone and lignan intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire covering habitual diet in the year preceding enrolment. The endpoints were cognitive function measured in three domains: memory, processing capacity and speed, and executive function. RESULTS: No association between dietary isoflavone intake and cognitive function was found. High lignan intake was associated with a better performance in processing capacity and speed, and in executive function.
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Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Grobbee DE, de Haan EH, Aleman A, van der Schouw YT. Dietary phytoestrogen intake and cognitive function in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 May;62(5):556-62.
Body Size and Shape Changes and the Risk of Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Decreased Diabetes Risk with Lifestyle Intervention was Associated with Reduction of Body Weight
Abbreviated Abstract: The researchers conducted this study to test the hypothesis that risk of type 2 diabetes is less following reductions in body size and central adiposity. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) recruited and randomized individuals with impaired glucose tolerance to treatment with placebo, metformin, or lifestyle modification. Decreased diabetes risk by lifestyle intervention was associated with reductions of body weight, BMI, and central body fat distribution after adjustment for age and self-reported ethnicity. Reduced diabetes risk with lifestyle intervention may have been through effects upon both overall body fat and central body fat but with metformin appeared to be independent of body fat.
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Fujimoto WY, Jablonski KA, Bray GA, Kriska A, Barrett-Connor E, Haffner S, Hanson R, Hill JO, Hubbard V, Stamm E, Pi-Sunyer FX; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Body size and shape changes and the risk of diabetes in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes. 2007 Jun;56(6):1680-5.
Accelerated Loss of Skeletal Muscle Strength in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Leg Muscle Strength and Quality is Accelerated by Type 2 Diabetes in Aging Adults
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that adults with either long-standing type 1 or type 2 diabetes had lower skeletal muscle strength than nondiabetic adults in cross-sectional studies. The aim of the study was to investigate longitudinal changes of muscle mass and strength in community-dwelling older adults with and without type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We examined leg and arm muscle mass and strength at baseline and 3 years later in 1,840 older adults aged 70-79 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. CONCLUSIONS: In older adults, type 2 diabetes is associated with accelerated loss of leg muscle strength and quality.
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Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Strotmeyer ES, Kuller LH, Broudeau R, Kammerer C, de Rekeneire N, Harris TB, Schwartz AV, Tylavsky FA, Cho YW, Newman AB; Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jun;30(6):1507-12.
What Is the Best Predictor of Future Type 2 Diabetes?
The Insulin Secretion/Insulin Resistance Index a Predictor of the Development of Future Type 2 Diabetes
Abbreviated Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess insulin secretion/insulin resistance index in predicting the risk for future type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1,551 nondiabetic subjects from the San Antonio Heart Study received an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with measurement of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min at baseline and after 7-8 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The insulin secretion/insulin resistance index is useful as a predictor of future development of type 2 diabetes. A model based on the combination of the SADPM and either a modified version of the insulin secretion/insulin resistance index or 1-h plasma glucose concentration can equally predict future type 2 diabetes.
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Abdul-Ghani MA, Williams K, DeFronzo RA, Stern M. What Is the Best Predictor of Future Type 2 Diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2007 Jun;30(6):1544-8.
Effect of Estradiol-Drospirenone Hormone Treatment on Myocardial Perfusion Reserve in Postmenopausal Women with Angina Pectoris
Oral Estrogen With Progestin Has Favorable Effect on Myocardial Function in Postmenopausal Women With Deficient Oxygenation of the Heart Muscles
Abbreviated Abstract: Recent randomized clinical studies failed to show cardiovascular protection with postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT), instead raising widespread concerns about possible increased cardiovascular risk. However, these studies primarily assessed the combination of conjugated equine estrogen and medroxyprogesterone acetate, which is suspected to abolish the beneficial effects of estrogen on the microcirculation. This preliminary study evaluated the effects of HT combining 17beta-estradiol (E2) with a new progestin, drospirenone, on myocardial perfusion reserve, a surrogate marker of coronary function. In conclusion, E2-drospirenone HT for 6 weeks has favorable effects on myocardial function in postmenopausal women with angina pectoris.
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Knuuti J, Kalliokoski R, Janatuinen T, Hannukainen J, Kalliokoski KK, Koskenvuo J, Lundt S. Effect of estradiol-drospirenone hormone treatment on myocardial perfusion reserve in postmenopausal women with angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 15; 99(12): 1648-52.
Night Sweats, Sleep Disturbance, and Depression Associated with Diminished Libido in Late Menopausal Transition and Early Postmenopause: Baseline Data From the Herbal Alternatives for Menopause Trial (HALT)
Hormonal Symptoms Linked to Diminished Libido in Herbal Alternatives for Menopause Trial
Abbreviate Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the association of depression, sleep disturbance, and menopausal symptoms with diminished libido. STUDY DESIGN: Data from a 2001-2002 baseline survey of 341 peri- and postmenopausal women, aged 45-55 years, participating in a randomized trial, was analyzed. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with diminished libido in midlife are complex but include depression, disturbed sleep, and night sweats, all common symptoms of the menopausal transition and early menopause.
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Reed SD, Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Grothaus LC, Ehrlich K. Night sweats, sleep disturbance, and depression associated with diminished libido in late menopausal transition and early postmenopause: baseline data from the herbal alternatives for menopause trial (HALT). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jun; 196(6):593.e1-7; discussion 593.e7.
Growth Hormone Regulation of p85alpha Expression and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity in Adipose Tissue: Mechanism for Growth Hormone – Mediated Insulin Resistance
Insulin Hypersensitivity Associated with Obesity in Mice
Abbreviated Abstract: Phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase is involved in insulin-mediated effects on glucose uptake, lipid deposition, and adiponectin secretion from adipocytes. Genetic disruption of the p85alpha regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase increases insulin sensitivity, whereas elevated p85alpha levels are associated with insulin resistance through PI 3-kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Adipose tissue plays a critical role in the antagonistic effects of growth hormone (GH) on insulin actions on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through changes in gene transcription. The objective of this study was to assess the role of the p85alpha subunit of PI 3-kinase and PI 3-kinase signaling in GH-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue. In conclusion, GH regulates p85alpha expression and PI 3-kinase activity in WAT and provides a potential explanation for 1) the insulin hypersensitivity and associated obesity and hyperadiponectinemia of GH-deficient mice and 2) the insulin resistance and associated reduced fat mass and hypoadiponectinemia of mice with GH excess.
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del Rincon JP, Iida K, Gaylinn BD, McCurdy CE, Leitner JW, Barbour LA, Kopchick JJ, Friedman JE, Draznin B, Thorner MO. Growth hormone regulation of p85alpha expression and phosphoinositide 3-Kinase activity in adipose tissue: mechanism for growth hormone – mediated insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007 Jun;56(6):1638-46.
Estrogen Effects on Arteries Vary With Stage of Reproductive Life and Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression
Study in Postmenopausal Monkeys Show That Increase Plaque Inflammatory Processes and Plaque Instability May Be Decreased By Statins Pretreatment
Abbreviated Abstract: The past several years have been marked by confusion and controversy concerning whether estrogens are cardioprotective. The issue is of utmost public health importance because coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death among postmenopausal women. Fortunately, a unifying hypothesis has emerged that reproductive stage is a major determinant of the effect of estrogens on atherosclerosis progression, complications, and plaque vulnerability. The increase in CHD events associated with initiating hormone therapy 10 or more years after menopause seems to be related to up-regulation of the plaque inflammatory processes and plaque instability and may be down-regulated by statin pretreatment.
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Clarkson TB. Estrogen Effects on Arteries Vary With Stage of Reproductive Life and Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression. Menopause. 2007 May-Jun;14(3 Pt 1):373-84.
OTHER
Residual Lifetime Risk of Fractures in Women and Men
Study Shows Predictor of Absolute Risk of Fracture in Elderly Men and Women
Abbreviated Abstract: In a sample of 1358 women and 858 men, > or = 60 yr of age who have been followed-up for up to 15 yr, it was estimated that the mortality-adjusted residual lifetime risk of fracture was 44% for women and 25% for men. Among those with BMD T-scores < or = -2.5, the risks increased to 65% in women and 42% in men. INTRODUCTION: Risk assessment of osteoporotic fracture is shifting from relative risk to an absolute risk approach. Whereas BMD is a primary predictor of fracture risk, there has been no estimate of mortality-adjusted lifetime risk of fracture by BMD level. The aim of the study was to estimate the residual lifetime risk of fracture (RLRF) in elderly men and women. CONCLUSIONS: These estimates provide a means to communicate the absolute risk of fracture to an individual patient and can help promote the identification and targeting of high-risk individuals for intervention.
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Nguyen ND, Ahlborg HG, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Residual lifetime risk of fractures in women and men. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Jun;22(6):781-8.
About the Kronos Longevity Research Institute
Kronos Longevity Research Institute (KLRI), a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization, is a leader in developing new modes of prevention and treatment to enhance human longevity. KLRI is the only independent research institute devoted exclusively to translating basic discoveries in the process of aging into useful tools, improved medical care and healthier lives. KLRI’s research is conducted by its own highly regarded scientists and through collaboration with some of the nation’s leading medical research centers. Because KLRI conducts pioneering research in an area of science that is poorly understood, KLRI offers the potential to make seminal contributions that benefit not only the growing population of older Americans, but people everywhere and generations to follow.
For more information about KLRI, visit our website at www.kronosinstitute.org.